Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• damage before an oxidative reaction can occur (Figure 1). Preventive antioxidants are also known as the first-line defense antioxidants because they efficiently neutralize or eliminate any potential molecule involved in free radical development. Preventive antioxidants prevent the formation of free

• ]. Similarly, gallic acid was covalently grafted on magnetite with an average size of 5 and 8 nm. The functionalization of ultrasmall magnetite with gallic acid increased free radical scavenging two- to fourfold compared to free magnetite [60]. Centurion et al. investigated the assembly of natural polyphenolic

• compounds triggered by liquid metals, leading to the formation of phenolic nanocoatings on substrates. In detail, nanocoatings of the phenolic compound pyrogallol deposited on polystyrene, glass beads, and paper yielded free radical scavenging activities of ca. 67%, ca. 84%, and ca. 92%, respectively [61

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• oxidative damage through free radical accumulation, which could lead to changes in the survival rate of cancerous cells. The developed QSPR and quantitative structure–activity relationship models also give hints regarding safer design and toxicity assessment of MeOx NMs. Keywords: cancer cell treatment

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• application of US would affect the tissues and US-responsive nanomaterials through five distinct mechanisms, leading to the therapeutic or diagnostic activities of US-responsive nanomaterials. Cavitation, acoustic radiation force, acoustic droplet vaporization, hyperthermia, and free radical species

• be improved by employing a nanotechnology-based hyperthermia approach [147]. The schematic illustration of this mechanism is presented in Figure 2. Free radical species generation Free radical molecules, such as ROS, NO, HO•, can be generated after the US irradiation interacts with specific

• free radicals [150]. Masuda et al. proposed that there is a relation between the quality and quantity of free radical formation and the frequency of the US applied in the presence of MBs [151]. The combination of free-radical-generating components and other materials could lead to multifunctional

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• . The photoexcited electrons and the presence of holes result in the oxidization of organic dyes via a free-radical mechanism. However, TiO2 is a wide-bandgap semiconductor (3.0–3.3 eV), which can only absorb UV light and it easily undergoes electron–hole recombination [11]. To circumvent this problem

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

• Changqiang Yu,
• Min Wen,
• Zhen Tong,
• Shuhua Li,
• Yanhong Yin,
• Xianbin Liu,
• Yesheng Li,
• Tongxiang Liang,
• Ziping Wu and
• Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

• ) spectra were analyzed using an A300 spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) with DMPO as a free radical scavenger under visible light irradiation (λ = 420 nm) for 20 min. The surface properties were characterized via an ASAP 2020 instrument (Micromeritics, USA). The zeta potential was measured with a ZETASIZER

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• capacity (AOC) was measured with the DPPH assay in which the IC50 value is determined. The IC50 value determines the amount of antioxidant needed to scavenge 50% of the free radical. Consequently, the smaller the IC50 value the higher is the antioxidant capacity. In this study, the IC50 values for the

• antioxidant capacity was assessed by calculating the IC50 value, which was determined by using the DPPH assay [34]. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) is a free radical that can be reduced by antioxidants. Upon reduction the colour of the free radical changes and thus the amount of

• linear function of inhibition against concentration was used to calculate the IC50 value (µg/mL). The IC50 value represents the concentration needed to scavenge 50% of the free radical. Rutin, which was used in this study as model drug, is a well-known antioxidant. Hence, if chemical degradation of the

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• test methods suitable for assessing product efficacy and safety [15]. Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant, able to counteract the reactive oxygen species production during fat oxidation and free radical propagation – indeed it can protect the cell membranes from free radical attack, acting against lipid

Novel hollow titanium dioxide nanospheres with antimicrobial activity against resistant bacteria

• Carol López de Dicastillo,
• Cristian Patiño,
• María José Galotto,
• Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez,
• Claudia Torrent,
• Daniela Alburquenque,
• Alejandro Pereira and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1716–1725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.167

• inactivation of microorganisms due to its strong oxidizing power by free radical generation, such as hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals [11][12]. Metal oxide NPs have been commonly synthesized by chemical and physical methods, which can produce a high size variability, defects and agglomeration and can

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• conjugation via esterification or amidation, and free-radical grafting [16]. The aim of this work was to design and fabricate superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant properties. Positively charged γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized through co-precipitation, and their surface was

• phenolic compounds resembled each other (Figure 1b). After free-radical grafting, new peaks appeared at 3.85, 3.98, 6.91 (only in CS-G), 8.85, and 9.19 ppm. Moreover, peaks at 1.78, 4.32, and 4.61 ppm changed their multiplicity and intensity. Peaks at 6.91, 8.85, and 9.19 ppm were ascribed to the 1H, 3OH

• reactive sites accessible for the attachment of phenolic compounds. In free-radical grafting, the key role is played by hydroxyl radicals (·OH) that are generated through ascorbate radicals as a result of H2O2-induced oxidation of AA (Scheme 1). As the reaction proceeds at RT and no toxic byproducts are

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• a decrease in free radical scavenging enzymes in organs were observed. Our results indicated that the treatment with PEG-nGO caused an increased OS to the organs in the first few hours of treatment. However, the liver completely recovered from the OS after 4 h. Brain, heart and kidneys showed an

• the average size distribution of nGO and PEG-nGO, respectively. In vivo assays The number of free radicals produced by a dose of PEG-nGO was estimated by the comparative levels of lipid peroxides present in the control and treated groups. The level of lipid peroxides and free radical scavengers are

• shown in Tables 1–5 and Figures 6–10. One hour after the intraperitoneal administration of PEG-nGO (5 mg/kg), the concentrations of lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced free radical scavenging enzymes (CAT, SOD, GST), and the tripeptide scavenger glutathione (GSH) was significant (P

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• an inorganic layer and a liquid core containing a fluorophore. The polymeric capsules are synthesized by free radical miniemulsion polymerization and contain covalently bound carboxylate surface functionalities that allow for the binding of metal ions through electrostatic interaction. A cerium(IV

• free-radical scavengers in biomedical applications as a potent therapeutic option for the treatment of disorders generated by reactive oxygen species, such as neurodegenerative disorders, retinal disorders and cancer [43][44][45]. In this work, we report the process of armoring anionically

• under argon atmosphere [sample NC(Ar)] by free-radical miniemulsion polymerization [46]. The continuous phase contains SDS (30 mg) and demineralized water (30 g). The disperse phase contains styrene (1.8 g) and acrylic acid (0.2 g) as monomers, hexadecane (4 g) with the fluorescent dye TDI and the

Free-radical gases on two-dimensional transition-metal disulfides (XS₂, X = Mo/W): robust half-metallicity for efficient nitrogen oxide sensors

• Chunmei Zhang,
• Yalong Jiao,
• Fengxian Ma,
• Sri Kasi Matta,
• Steven Bottle and
• Aijun Du

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1641–1646, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.156

• highly challenging work because it requires sensors with an ultra-high level of sensitivity. By using density functional theory, here we demonstrate that the adsorption of a paramagnetic unpaired free radical gas (NO) on a monolayer of XS2 (X = Mo, W) can trigger the transition from semiconductor to half

• observed after the adsorption of other free radical gases such as NO2. The unique change in electronic properties after the adsorption of NO on transition-metal sulfides highlights an effective strategy to distinguish NO from other gas species by experimentally measuring spin-resolved transmission. Our

• results also suggest XS2 (X = Mo, W) nanosheets can act as promising nanoscale NO sensors. Keywords: free radical; half-metallicity; nitric oxide (NO); sensors; spin-polarized; Introduction Nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases, one of the most common groups of air pollutants, are known as one culprit of acid rain

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• hydrophilicity of the PAN precursor but also catalyze the cyclization of nitrile groups during the stabilization process by forming a ladder structure. In our previous studies, copolymers of AN have been synthesized by free radical polymerization, and electrospun nanofibers were obtained with different AN co

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• concentrations), exerting strong antioxidant properties due to their high activity as free radical acceptors [14][15]. Water-soluble pristine С60 fullerenes penetrate through plasma membranes and are located in the central part of tumor cells [16]. Thereby, C60 fullerenes can be used for treatment of cancer [17

Enhanced catalytic activity without the use of an external light source using microwave-synthesized CuO nanopetals

• Govinda Lakhotiya,
• Sonal Bajaj,
• Arpan Kumar Nayak,
• Debabrata Pradhan,
• Pradip Tekade and
• Abhimanyu Rana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1167–1173, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.118

• and as-synthesized CuO nanostructures (petals/flowers) without irradiation with photons is believed to be the co-operative phenomenon and proceeds through the following two vital steps: At first, H2O2 reacts with the complex surface of nanopetals [Cu(II)] and reduces it to produce free radical •O2H

ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by CuInZn_xS_2+x quantum dots as highly efficient solar light driven photocatalysts

• Florian Donat,
• Serge Corbel,
• Halima Alem,
• Steve Pontvianne,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1080–1093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.110

• less than −0.16 eV while photogenerated holes must have a potential greater than 2.32 eV to produce •OH (Figure 4). These conditions are fulfilled in the ZnO/ZCIS photocatalyst. ZnO and ZCIS materials can both produce O2•− radicals but only ZnO is able to generate •OH. Because the free radical half

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• -studied, conformal polymer CVD techniques: parylene CVD and initiated CVD (iCVD), with both deriving from free radical polymerization mechanisms. The four parts of this review will address reaction mechanisms of the aforementioned techniques, necessary deposition conditions for conformal film growth

• , imaging conformal polymer films, and finally applications for conformal polymer films. Reaction mechanisms Parylene CVD Parlyene CVD is a well-established, free radical polymerization technique that results in poly[p-xylene] films [13]. The reaction mechanism proceeds as shown in Figure 2a, where [2,2

• the introduction of new chemistries into the final poly[p-xylene] structure such as halogens, amines, and esters [15][16]. Initiated CVD iCVD is another free radical polymerization technique where instead of a single reactive species, a monomer and an initiating radical are needed to form the final

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• partial recovery of the signal occurred in the case of Ag [14]. Generally, graphene-based sensors show much stronger response towards strongly oxidizing, paramagnetic (free radical) NO2 molecules than to any other gas, including NH3. The binding energy is large and intermolecular charge transfer can occur

Intercalation and structural aspects of macroRAFT agents into MgAl layered double hydroxides

• Dessislava Kostadinova,
• Ana Cenacchi Pereira,
• Muriel Lansalot,
• Franck D’Agosto,
• Elodie Bourgeat-Lami,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Christine Taviot-Guého,
• Sylvian Cadars and
• Vanessa Prevot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2000–2012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.191

• an initiator or a controlling agent and further conduct a free radical polymerization [40][41]. Qu et al. [42] applied the latter strategy by adsorbing 4-(benzodithioyl)-4-cyanopentanoate controlling agent and successfully conducting styrene reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT

• situ free radical polymerization of intercalated AA [37], which can be tentatively attributed to the presence of the CTPPA RAFT end group on the PAA macromolecule. If we consider a layer thickness of 0.21 nm and two hydrogen bond distances between the macromolecule and two adjacent LDH layers (2 × 0.27

Layered composites of PEDOT/PSS/nanoparticles and PEDOT/PSS/phthalocyanines as electron mediators for sensors and biosensors

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• José Antonio De Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1948–1959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.186

• EMs, three different materials with different characteristics and electrocatalytic activity towards phenols were tested, including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (a p-type semiconductor) and a lutetium bisphthalocyanine (LuPc2) (a sandwich-type derivative with free radical

• semiconductor and has a free radical character [32], the enhancement can be due to the increase in charge carriers produced by the interaction between the PEDOT/PSS chains and the free carriers in LuPc2. Electrochemical characterization of the PEDOT/PSS/EM sensors The electrochemical characteristics of PEDOT

• the enhanced electron transfer rate provided by the composites due to the interactions between two electrocatalytic components. In particular, the excellent response of the PEDOT/PSS/LuPc2 electrode can be due to the interaction between the free radical LuPc2 and the radical intermediate produced

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• ). CHL is a free radical scavenger and is able to reduce the harmful effects of OS [44][45]. These findings suggest that oxidative stress induced by TiO2 NPs can cause genotoxicity to the brain. Multiple mechanisms Usually, activation of glia cells and mitochondrial injury are able to initiate excessive

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

Fulleropeptide esters as potential self-assembled antioxidants

• Mira S. Bjelaković,
• Tatjana J. Kop,
• Jelena Đorđević and
• Dragana R. Milić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1065–1071, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.107

• , Keller et al. [18] reported the synthesis of fullerenedihydropyrrole cationic peptides, which did not show antibacterial activity. Neuroprotective and antioxidant properties are based on the fact that fullerene derivatives possess an extended π-bond system, with high electron and free-radical species